Military power is the necessary enabler of hybrid warfare.The record of the past two decades reveals several key themes about the role of hard power in Russia’s foreign and military policy: Russia should insist on its primacy in the post-Soviet space and lead integration in that region.Russia should strive toward a multipolar world managed by a concert of major powers that can counterbalance U.S.Named after former foreign and prime minister Yevgeny Primakov, the Primakov doctrine posits that a unipolar world dominated by the United States is unacceptable to Russia and offers the following principles for Russian foreign policy: National Intelligence Council, is a senior fellow and the director of Carnegie’s Russia and Eurasia Program. Rumer, a former national intelligence officer for Russia and Eurasia at the U.S. Rather than a driver of Russian foreign policy, the Gerasimov doctrine is an effort to develop an operational concept for Russia’s confrontation with the West in support of the actual doctrine that has guided Russian policy for over two decades: the Primakov doctrine. Hybrid warfare has been associated with Russian Chief of the General Staff General Valery Gerasimov, the author of the so-called Gerasimov doctrine-a whole-of-government concept that fuses hard and soft power across many domains and transcends boundaries between peace- and wartime. Russian military and hybrid activities and tools are inextricably linked. The Kremlin’s reliance on proxies, disinformation, and measures short of war has created the impression that its hybrid capabilities are distinct and separate from its military and can serve as a substitute for hard power. Since 2014, Russian “hybrid warfare” has been at the center of attention of Western security analysts.
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